It is possible to further divide the [z] portion of the narrative into two parts [z1] and [z2], corresponding to Jesus’ self-emptying (incarnation) and self-humbling (crucifixion), but the point in each case is the same: the rejection of selfish exploitation of status in favor of self-giving action. Theologically, we would say that for Paul the Messiah’s incarnation and crucifixion are two stages in a unified act of self-donation, and that therefore his death on the cross is not a unique, independent,